Which type of electrons are typically involved in conductivity?

Valence electrons play a crucial role in conductivity because they are the electrons that reside in the outermost shell of an atom. These electrons are responsible for forming bonds and conducting electricity, as they can move freely between atoms, especially in conductive materials like metals. When a potential difference (voltage) is applied, these valence electrons can be easily displaced, allowing for the flow of electrical current.

Core electrons, on the other hand, are located deeper within the atom and are not involved in bonding or electrical conduction, which is why they do not participate in conductivity. Neutrons and protons are subatomic particles found in the nucleus of an atom; neutrons have no charge and protons are positively charged. Neither of them contributes to the movement of electrical charge in a conductive material. Thus, the correct emphasis on valence electrons highlights their pivotal role in facilitating electrical conductivity in materials.